Suggested scheme for calcium supplementation in pregnant women

Suggested scheme for calcium supplementation in pregnant women

Dosage  ~       1.5–2.0 g elemental calcium/day 

Frequency   ~  Daily, with the total daily dosage divided into three doses (preferably taken at mealtimes)

Duration  ~  From 20 weeks’ gestation until the end of pregnancy

Target group  ~  All pregnant women, particularly those at higher risk of gestational hypertension

Settings  ~  Areas with low calcium intake

(1 g of elemental calcium equals 2.5 g of calcium carbonate or 4 g of calcium citrate)

Parvo virus

-SS DNA virus

- Human pathogen is parvo virus B-19

Clinical manifestations

- Erythema infectiosum
               fifth disease
               Slapped cheek appearance

-  Arthropathy         

- Transient aplastic crisis in chronic hemolytic disease patient

- In immunodeficient patient it causes chronic anemia with reticulocytopenia

- Fetal infection leading to nonimmunohydrops fetalis

- Hemophagocytic syndrome

Virus causing glomerular disease

Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis - HIV , HBV , Parvo virus , coxsackie

Membrane proliferative glomerulonephritis - HBV , HCV , HIV , CMV , EBV

Diffuse proliferative glomerulonephritis - coxsackie virus

Membranous nephropathy - HBV , HCV

Endocapillary proliferative glomerulonephritis - Measles , Dengue

Mesangioproliferative glomerulonephritis - parvo virus , Mumps

Important vessels and bleeding

Hemoptysis:                       Bronchial artery                                 

Duodenal ulcer:                  Gastroduodenal artery                                                  

Gastric ulcer:                     Left Gastric  artery 

SDH:                                  Bridging veins                                  

EDH:                                   Middle meningeal artery                                         

Tonsillectomy:                    Paratonsillar vein                                                                           

Menstruation:                           Spiral arteries

Kissing

K!ssing disease-Glandular fever/infectious mononucleosis

k!ssing ulcer-anterior and posteriorduodenal ulcers/vulval ulcer

k!ssing tonsils-Hypertrophdparenchymatous tonsils(grade 4)

Kissing virus-EBV

Kissing peptide-GnRH

Kissing lesion-Donovanosis

Kissing arthritis-TB knee

Kissing appearance on x-ray-Bladderpapilloma

Most common distant metastasis

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Lung Ca – Adrenal > Liver > Brain

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Breast Ca – Vertebrae (Bone)

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Urinary Bladder Ca – Lung

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Colorectal Ca – Liver

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Prostate Ca – Bones

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Testicular Ca – Lung

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Thyroid Ca – Bone > Lung

Most Common Site of Distant mets from Wilm’s Tumor – Lung

A LIST OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF FACIESIN DIFFERENT CONDITIONS

1. Mask like facies = Parkinsonism.

2. Elfin facies = William's syndrome.

3. Moon facies = Cushing's syndrome.

4. Snarling facies = Myasthenia gravis.

5. Mitral facies = Mitral stenosis.

6. Ashen grey facies = MyocardialInfarction.

7. Mouse facies = Chronic RenalFailure (CRF)

8. Adenoid facies = Adenoidhypertrophy .

9. Leonine facies = Lepromatousleprosy .

10. Bird facies = Pierre Robinsyndrome.

11. Mongoloid facies = Down'ssyndrome.

12. Coarse facies = Most of the inbornerrors of metabolism (IEM) viz. themuco- polysaccharidoses (MPS),mucolipidoses (ML), fucosidosesmannosidoses, sialidoses,aspartylglycosaminuria, generalisedgangliosidosis(GMl ) and Austin'svariant of metachromaticleukodystrophy due to multiplesulfatase deficiency (MLD-MSD) havesimilar appearing facies.

13. Syphilitic facies = Congenitalsyphilis (dog jaw)